Why you Should Eat a Rainbow of Fruits and Vegetables

Nutritionists will tell you to eat a rainbow of fruits and vegetables. This isn’t just because it looks nice on the plate. Each color signifies different nutrients our body needs.¹⁾Minich DM. A Review of the Science of Colorful, Plant-Based Food and Practical Strategies for “Eating the Rainbow”. J Nutr Metab. 2019 Jun 2;2019:2125070. DOI: 10.1155/2019/2125070

The nutrients found in plant foods are broadly referred to as phytonutrients. There are at least 5,000 known phytonutrients, and probably many more.²⁾Liu RH. Health-promoting components of fruits and vegetables in the diet. Adv Nutr. 2013 May 1;4(3):384S-92S. doi: 10.3945/an.112.003517

So what does each color do for our body and our overall health?

Red

Red fruits and vegetables are colored by a type of phytonutrient called “carotenoids” (including ones named lycopene, flavones and quercetin – but the names aren’t as important as what they do). These carotenoids are found in tomatoes, apples, cherries, watermelon, red grapes, strawberries and capsicum.

These carotenoids are known as antioxidants.³⁾Lobo V, Patil A, Phatak A, Chandra N. Free radicals, antioxidants and functional foods: Impact on human health. Pharmacogn Rev. 2010 Jul;4(8):118-26. doi: 10.4103/0973-7847.70902 You will have heard this name before, but you might not remember what it means. It has something to do with “free radicals”, which you’ve also probably heard of before.

Free radicals are formed naturally in our body as a byproduct of all our usual bodily processes such as breathing and moving, but they also come from UV light exposure, smoking, air-pollutants and industrial chemicals.⁴⁾Lobo V, Patil A, Phatak A, Chandra N. Free radicals, antioxidants and functional foods: Impact on human health. Pharmacogn Rev. 2010 Jul;4(8):118-26. doi: 10.4103/0973-7847.70902

Free radicals are unstable molecules that can damage proteins, cell membranes and DNA in our body. This natural but damaging process is known as oxidation or oxidative stress. This contributes to ageing, inflammation and diseases including cancer and heart disease.

Importantly, antioxidants “mop up” the free radicals that form in our body. They stabilize the free radicals so they no longer cause damage.

Increasing antioxidants in your diet lowers oxidative stress and reduces the risk of many diseases including arthritis, type 2 diabetes, heart disease, stroke and cancer.⁵⁾Minich DM. A Review of the Science of Colorful, Plant-Based Food and Practical Strategies for “Eating the Rainbow”. J Nutr Metab. 2019 Jun 2;2019:2125070. doi: 10.1155/2019/2125070

Orange

Orange fruits and vegetables also contain carotenoids, but slightly different ones to red veggies (including alpha and beta-carotene, curcuminoids, and others). These are found in carrots, pumpkins, apricots, mandarins, oranges and turmeric.

Alpha and beta-carotene are converted to vitamin A in our bodies, which is important for healthy eyes and good eyesight. Vitamin A is also an antioxidant that can target the parts of your body made of lipids (or fats) such as cell membranes.

The vitamin A targets the free radicals building up around our cell membranes and other areas made of lipids, reducing the risk of cancers and heart disease.⁶⁾Minich DM. A Review of the Science of Colorful, Plant-Based Food and Practical Strategies for “Eating the Rainbow”. J Nutr Metab. 2019 Jun 2;2019:2125070. doi: 10.1155/2019/2125070

Yellow

Yellow fruit and vegetables also contain carotenoids, but they also contain other phytonutrients including lutein, zeaxanthin, meso-zeaxanthin, viola-xanthin and others. These are found in apples, pears, bananas, lemons and pineapple.

Lutein, meso-zeaxanthin and zeaxanthin have been shown to be particularly important for eye health and can reduce the risk of age-related macular degeneration, which leads to blurring of your central vision.⁷⁾Kamal S, et.al. Eye Sight and Carotenoids, in Carotenoids: Structure and Function in the Human Body, pp 609-647, Springer Nature, 2021

These phytonutrients can also absorb UV light in your eyes, acting like a sunscreen for the eyes and protecting them from sun damage.⁸⁾Richard L. Roberts, Justin Green, Brandon Lewis, Lutein and zeaxanthin in eye and skin health, Clinics in Dermatology, Volume 27, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 195-201 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2008.01.011

Green

Green fruits and vegetables contain many phytonutrients including chlorophyll (which you probably remember from high school biology), catechins, epigallocatechin gallate, phytosterols, nitrates and also an important nutrient known as folate (or vitamin B9). These are found in avocados, Brussels sprouts, apples, pears and leafy vegetables.

These also act as antioxidants and therefore have the benefits as described above for red veggies. But this group also provides important benefits in keeping your blood vessels healthy, by promoting something called “vasodilation”.

These phytonutrients help make our blood vessels more elastic and flexible allowing them to widen or dilate. This improves blood circulation and reduces blood pressure, reducing our risk of heart and other vessel complications and disease.⁹⁾Minich DM. A Review of the Science of Colorful, Plant-Based Food and Practical Strategies for “Eating the Rainbow”. J Nutr Metab. 2019 Jun 2;2019:2125070. doi: 10.1155/2019/2125070

Folate is recommended before pregnancy because it helps reduce the risk of neural tube defects (such as spina bifida) in babies. Folate helps the development of the fetal nervous system during the first few weeks of pregnancy, as it has been shown to promote healthy cell division and DNA synthesis.¹⁰⁾Darya Gaysina. Folic acid in pregnancy – MTHFR gene explains why the benefits may differ. The Conversation, May 2, 2018

Blue and purple

Blue and purple produce contain other types of phytonutrients including anthocyanins, resveratrol, tannins and others. They are found in blackberries, blueberries, figs, prunes and purple grapes.

Anthocyanins also have antioxidant properties and so provide benefits in reducing the risk of cancer, heart disease and stroke, as explained under red fruit and veg.

More recent evidence has indicated they may also provide improvements in memory.¹¹⁾Katherine Kent, et.al. Anthocyanin intake is associated with improved memory in older adults with mild cognitive impairment. Nutrition Research, Volume 104, 2022, Pages 36-43 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2022.04.003 It is thought this occurs by improving signaling between brain cells and making it easier for the brain to change and adapt to new information (known as brain plasticity¹²⁾Duncan Banks. What is brain plasticity and why is it so important? The Conversation, April 4, 2016 ).

Brown and white

Brown and white fruits and vegetables are colored by a group of phytonutrients known as “flavones”, this includes apigenin, luteolin, isoetin and others. These are found in foods such as garlic, potatoes and bananas.

Another phytonutrient found in this color of vegetables, particularly in garlic, is allicin. Allicin has been shown to have anti-bacterial and anti-viral properties.¹³⁾Anna Marchese, et.al. Antifungal and antibacterial activities of allicin: A review. Trends in Food Science & Technology, Volume 52, 2016, Pages 49-56 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2016.03.010

Most of this research is still at the lab-bench and not many clinical trials have been done in humans, but lab-based studies have found it reduces microorganisms when grown under laboratory conditions.

Allicin has also been found in systematic reviews to normalise high blood pressure by promoting dilation of the blood vessels.¹⁴⁾Bergamin A, Mantzioris E, Cross G, Deo P, Garg S, Hill AM. Nutraceuticals: Reviewing their Role in Chronic Disease Prevention and Management. Pharmaceut Med. 2019 Aug;33(4):291-309. DOI: 10.1007/s40290-019-00289-w

How can I get more veggies in my diet?

Colored fruit and vegetables, and also herbs, spices, legumes and nuts provide us with a plethora of phytonutrients. Promoting a rainbow of fruit and vegetables is a simple strategy to maximize health benefits across all age groups.

However most of us don’t get the recommended amount of fruit and vegetables each day.¹⁵⁾Dietary behaviour. Australian Buerau of Statistics. Reference period 2020-21

Here are some tips to improve your intake:

1. When doing your fruit and vegetable shopping, include a rainbow of colors in your shopping basket (frozen varieties are absolutely fine).

2. Try some new fruit and vegetables you haven’t had before. The internet has tips on many different ways to cook veggies.

3. Buy different colors of the fruit and vegetables you normally eat like apples, grapes, onions and lettuces.

4. Eat the skins, as the phytonutrients may be present in the skin in higher amounts.

5. Don’t forget herbs and spices also contain phytonutrients, add them to your cooking as well (they also make vegetables more appealing!)

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.